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Why do you need a processor - what it is and how it works. Choosing a processor for a computer All about the computer processor

The central processing unit is the brain and heart of the computer

The word processor itself comes from the English verb to process, which when translated into Russian will sound like process. In a general sense, this term refers to a device or set of programs that are used to perform computational operations or process a data array or process.

In a personal computer, the processor serves as the “brain”, being the main chip that is required for the smooth and correct operation of the PC. All internal and peripheral devices are controlled by the CPU.

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very often the processor is denoted by the English abbreviation CPU. This stands for Central Processing Unit, or central processing unit.

Externally, the processor is a small square board, the upper part of which is covered with a metal cover that serves to protect the chips, and the lower surface is strewn with a large number of contacts. It is this side that the processor is installed in a special connector or socket located on the motherboard. The CPU, or central processing unit, is the most important part of a modern computer. Without the command issued by the CPU, not a single operation, even the simplest one, can be performed, for example, adding two numbers or writing one byte of information.

How the processor works

The principle of operation of the processor is the sequential processing of various operations. They happen very quickly, the main ones are:

  1. When starting any process that involves executing program code, the CPU control unit retrieves all the necessary data and a set of operands required for execution. This is then sent to buffer or cache memory.
  2. At the exit from the cache, the entire flow of information is divided into two categories - instructions and values. They are redirected to appropriate memory locations called registers. The first are placed in command registers, the second category in data registers.
  3. The information located in the memory registers is processed by an arithmetic-logical unit. It is one of the parts of the CPU that is required to carry out arithmetic and logical operations.
  4. The calculation results are divided into two streams - completed and unfinished, which, in turn, are sent back to the cache memory.
  5. Upon completion of the calculation cycle, the final result is written to RAM. This is required to free up space in the buffer, which is necessary for new computational operations. When the cache becomes full, all inactive processes are moved to RAM or to a lower level.

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The buffer memory is virtually divided into two parts - the lower and upper levels. Active processes are on the top "floor", and unimportant operations are moved to the bottom level. If necessary, the lower layers of information are used by the system; the rest of the time the data is not used. This approach allows the processor to use all resources for the current operation.

Simplified diagram of the central processor operation

What does the processor consist of?

To understand how a CPU works, you need to understand what parts it consists of. The main components of the processor are:

  1. Top cover, which is a metal plate that performs the functions of protecting the internal contents and dissipating heat.
  2. Crystal. This is the most important part of the CPU. The crystal is made of silicon and contains a large number of tiny microcircuits.
  3. Textolite substrate, which serves as a contact pad. All parts of the CPU are attached to it and contacts are located through which interaction with the rest of the system occurs.

When attaching the top cover, a sealant adhesive is used that can withstand high temperatures, and thermal paste is used to eliminate the gap inside the assembled processor. After solidification, it forms a kind of “bridge”, which is required to ensure the outflow of heat from the crystal.

Main parts of the CPU - cover, die and pad

What is a processor core

If the central processing unit itself can be called the “brain” of the computer, then the core is considered the main part of the CPU itself. The core is a set of chips located on a silicon pad, the size of which does not exceed a square centimeter. The set of microscopic logical elements through which the operating principle is implemented is called architecture.

A few technical details: in modern processors, the core is attached to the chip platform using a “flip-chip” system; such joints provide maximum connection density.

Each core consists of a certain number of functional blocks:

  • interrupt block, which is necessary for quickly switching between tasks;
  • instruction generation unit responsible for receiving and sending commands for subsequent processing;
  • decoding block, which is needed to process incoming commands and determine the actions required for this;
  • control unit, which is responsible for transmitting processed instructions to other functional parts and coordinating the load;
  • the last ones are execute and save blocks.

The processor core is the smallest board on which the working elements are located

What is a processor socket

The term socket is translated from English as “socket” or “connector”. For a personal computer, this term simultaneously refers directly to the motherboard and processor. The socket is where the CPU is mounted. They differ from each other in such characteristics as size, number and type of contacts, and cooling installation features.

The two largest processor manufacturers - Intel and AMD - are waging a long-standing marketing war, each offering their own socket, suitable only for the CPU of their production. The number in the marking of a specific socket, for example, LGA 775, indicates the number of contacts or pins. Also, in technological terms, sockets may differ from each other:

  • the presence of additional controllers;
  • the ability of technology to support the graphics core of the processor;
  • productivity.

The socket can also affect the following computer operating parameters:

  • type of supported RAM;
  • FSB bus frequency;
  • indirectly, on the PCI-e version and the SATA connector.

The creation of a special socket for mounting the central processor is required so that the user can upgrade the system and change the CPU in the event of its failure.

The processor socket is a socket for installing it on the motherboard

Graphics core in the processor: what is it?

One of the parts of the CPU, in addition to the main core itself, can be a graphics processor. What is it, and why is the use of such a component required? It should be noted right away that integrating a graphics core is not mandatory and is not present in every processor. This device is required to perform the basic functions of the CPU in the form of solving computing problems, as well as graphics support.

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Sometimes you can see the abbreviation IGP, which stands for Integrated Graphics Processor or integrated graphics processor. This means that this particular PC uses a similar solution, and a discrete video card may be absent altogether.

The reasons why manufacturers use technologies to combine two functions in one core are:

  • reduced power consumption because smaller devices require less power and cooling costs;
  • compactness;
  • cost reduction.

The use of integrated or built-in graphics is most often observed in laptops or low-cost PCs intended for office work, where there are no excessive graphics requirements.

The graphics core is a graphics coprocessor located on the CPU.

Basic concepts of processor in computer science

What are threads in a processor

A thread of execution in a CPU is the smallest unit of processing assigned by the kernel necessary to separate the code and context of the executing process. There can be multiple processes simultaneously using CPU resources. There is an original development from Intel, which began to be used in models starting with the Intel Core i3 processor, which is called HyperThreading. This is a technology for dividing a physical core into two logical ones. Thus, the operating system creates additional computing power and increases threading. It turns out that the number of cores alone will not be decisive, since in some cases computers with 4 cores are inferior in performance to those with only 2.

The number of threads can be viewed through the task manager

What is a technical process in a processor?

In computer science, process technology refers to the size of transistors used in the computer core. The manufacturing process of the CPU occurs using the photolithography method, when transistors are etched from a crystal covered with a dielectric film under the influence of light. The optical equipment used has such an indicator as resolution. This will be the technological process. The higher it is, the more transistors can fit on one chip.

The reduction in crystal size is facilitated by:

  • reduction of heat generation and energy consumption;
  • performance, since while maintaining the physical size of the crystal, it is possible to place a larger number of working elements on it.

The unit of measurement for the process is nanometer (10-9). Most modern processors are manufactured using the 22 nm process technology.

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An example is the Intel Core i7 processor, which, with a crystal size of 160 mm, contains 1.4 billion working elements.

The technical process is an increase in the number of working elements of the processor while maintaining its size

What is CPU virtualization

The basis of the method is to divide the CPU into a guest and monitor part. If a switch from the host to the guest OS is required, then the processor automatically performs this operation, keeping visible only those register values ​​that are required for stable operation. Since the guest operating system interacts directly with the processor, the virtual machine will run much faster.

You can enable virtualization in the BIOS settings. Most motherboards and processors from AMD do not support the technology of creating a virtual machine using hardware methods. Here software methods come to the aid of the user.

Virtualization is activated in BIOS

What are processor registers

A processor register is a special set of digital circuitry that refers to the ultra-fast memory required by the CPU to store the results of intermediate operations. Each processor contains a great many registers, most of which are inaccessible to the programmer and are reserved for executing basic kernel functions. There are general and special purpose registers. The first group is available for access, the second is used by the processor itself. Since the speed of interaction with CPU registers is higher than access in RAM, they are actively used by programmers to write software products.

Processor registers

Main technical characteristics of the processor

What is processor clock speed

Many users have heard the concept of clock frequency, but not everyone fully understands what it is. In simple terms, this is the number of operations that the CPU can perform in 1 second. The rule here is that the higher the clock rate, the more productive the computer.

The unit of measurement of clock frequency is Hertz, which in its physical meaning is a display of the number of oscillations over a set period of time. The formation of clock oscillations occurs due to the action of a quartz crystal, which is located in the clock resonator. After voltage is applied, electric current oscillations occur. They are transmitted to a generator, which converts them into pulses that are sent to the data buses. The processor clock speed is not the only characteristic for assessing the speed of a PC. You also need to take into account the number of cores and the amount of buffer memory.

You can view the clock frequency in the BIOS or using special software

What is processor bit size?

Every Windows OS user, when installing new programs, was faced with choosing a version for the system bit size. What is the CPU bit capacity? In simple terms, this is an indicator, otherwise called a machine word, showing how many bits of information the CPU processes in one clock cycle. In modern processors this figure can be a multiple of 32 or 64.

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For the average user, the bit capacity will determine the maximum amount of RAM supported by the processor. For 32 bits this is 4 GB, and for 64 bits the upper limit is already 16 TB.

Bit depth can be 32 or 64 bits

What is CPU throttling?

Throttling, or throttling, is a protective mechanism that is used to prevent the CPU from overheating or causing hardware failures during operation. The function is active by default and is triggered when the temperature rises to a critical point, which is set for each specific CPU model by the manufacturer. Protection is carried out by reducing kernel performance. When the temperature returns to normal, the function automatically turns off. It is possible to forcefully change the throttling parameters through the BIOS. It is actively used by CPU overclockers or overclockers, but for the average user such changes can break the PC.

When the permissible CPU temperature is exceeded, the protection system, or throttling, is automatically turned on

CPU and video card temperature

When the core and other elements of the CPU operate, a large amount of heat is generated, which is why modern computers use powerful cooling systems for both the central processor and the main components of the motherboard. Demanding programs that actively use the power of the CPU and video card (usually games) load the processor, which leads to a rapid increase in temperature. In this case, throttling is enabled. Many video card manufacturers claim that their products can function normally even at 100°C. In reality, the maximum temperature will be the one indicated in the technical documentation.

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powerful video cards and processors operate at higher clock speeds, which leads to greater heat generation. Therefore they require improved cooling.

You can independently control the temperature using special monitoring software (AIDA64, GPU Temp, Speccy). If there is slowdown when working or playing, it means that the temperature has most likely risen to a critical level, and the protection has automatically activated.

You can independently monitor the temperature of the CPU and video card using special software

What is turbo boost in a processor?

Turbo Boost is a patented technology from Intel that is used in the first three generations of Intel Core i5 and i7 processors. It is used to hardware accelerate the CPU for a certain time. Using technology, the overclocking procedure is carried out taking into account all important parameters - current, temperature, voltage, OS state, so it is completely safe for the computer. The increase in processor speed is temporary and will depend on the type of load, number of cores and platform configuration. Additionally, it should be noted that the technology is supported only by Windows 7 and 8 operating systems.

Proprietary technology from Intel allows you to temporarily improve computer performance

Types of processors

In total, it is customary to distinguish 5 main types of processors in a computer:

  1. Buffer. This is a coprocessor that is required to pre-process information between the peripheral and the CPU.
  2. Preprocessor. At its core, this is a processor similar to the previous one, the purpose of which is intermediate data processing.
  3. CISC. A CPU manufactured by Intel, which differs from the usual one in an increased set of instructions.
  4. RISC. An alternative version of CISC with a reduced number of commands. Most major processor manufacturers work on a combination of two varieties (CISC and RISC), which will increase the power and speed of the core.
  5. Clones. These are processors that are produced by small manufacturers under license or completely pirated.

The most popular models and manufacturers

The microprocessor market is divided by two large manufacturers - Intel and AMD, who have been in an irreconcilable battle throughout their existence. Each company offers its own ready-made solutions. Choosing a specific model is a subjective decision for the end user, as each manufacturer offers a wide range of models, ranging from budget options to top-end gaming CPUs.

The most popular models in the line of processors from Intel are the Intel Core i3, i5 and i7. Depending on the modification, they can be used both in gaming PCs and in office machines. AMD's Ryzen series processors are considered one of the best, demonstrating good performance indicators. The Athlon series is still found, but is already considered archival. For an undemanding user, AMD A series processors are suitable.

AMD and Intel are the two largest processor companies

What is CPU scalping?

CPU scalping is the procedure of removing the cover to replace thermal paste. Carrying out this procedure is one of the components of overclocking or may be required to reduce the load on the CPU hardware.

The procedure itself consists of:

  • removing the cover;
  • removing old thermal paste;
  • crystal cleaning;
  • applying a new layer of thermal paste;
  • closing the lid.

When carrying out the procedure, you should take into account the fact that one wrong movement can lead to failure of the processor. Therefore, it is better to entrust this event to professionals. If the decision to carry out scalping at home is finally made, then we can advise you to purchase a special device in the form of a clamp for the CPU, which will make it easier to remove the cover without damaging the crystal.

CPU scalping is the procedure of opening the cover to replace thermal paste.

How to overclock a processor

Overclocking, or overclocking the central processor, may be advisable if you have outdated equipment and lack the funds to buy a new stone. Typically, the procedure allows for a productivity increase of 10 to 20%. There are two methods for overclocking - by increasing the FSB frequency or increasing the processor multiplier. Modern computers, as a general rule, come with a locked multiplier, so the most accessible way would be to change the system bus frequency.

Overclocking the processor is carried out by increasing the bus frequency or processor multiplier

Basic overclocking tips:

  1. It is not recommended to touch the core power without experience.
  2. The frequency increase should be carried out in stages, increasing by no more than 100 MHz at a time.
  3. Monitor the temperature, since heat generation increases as the frequency increases.
  4. When deciding to increase the core power supply, the step is 0.05V, while the maximum limit should not exceed 0.3V, otherwise there is a high probability of CPU failure.
  5. After each increase, stability testing is required. At the first failures, overclocking must be stopped.

FOR YOUR INFORMATION:

If, when reaching the maximum frequency, stable operation is observed, but excessive heating is observed, in this case it is necessary to fully examine the operation of the PC cooling system.

The overclocking process can be simplified by using special programs that independently control the main parameters affected by overclocking.

The processor is the heart of your PC. This is where all machine processes are administered. The quality of the entire computer depends on how efficiently this unit works. This means that your confidence and peace of mind depend entirely on the choice of high-quality hardware for your computer.

If you have questions for our experts, you can leave them below.

The processor is the main part of any computer device. But many users have a very poor understanding of what a processor is in a computer and what function it performs. Although in the modern world this is important information, knowing which you can avoid many serious misconceptions. If you want to learn more about the chip that powers your computer, you've come to the right place. In this article, you will learn what a processor is for and how it affects the performance of the entire device.

What is a central processing unit

In this case, we are talking about the central processor. After all, there are others in the computer, for example, a video processor.

The central processing unit is the main part of the computer, which is an electronic unit or integrated circuit. It executes machine instructions, or program code, and is the core hardware of the device.

Simply put, it is the heart and brain of the computer. It is thanks to him that everything else works, he processes data flows and manages the operation of all parts of the overall system.

If you look at the processor physically, it is a small, thin, square circuit board. It is small in size and covered with a metal lid on top.

The lower part of the chip is occupied by contacts, through which the chipset interacts with the rest of the system. By opening the cover of your computer's system unit, you can easily find the processor, unless it is covered by the cooling system.

Until the CPU issues the appropriate command, the computer will not be able to perform even the simplest operation, for example, adding two numbers. Whatever you want to do on your PC, every action involves accessing the processor. That is why it is such an important component of a computer.

Modern central processors are capable of not only coping with their main tasks, but can also partially replace a video card. New chips are produced with a separate space for performing video controller functions.

This video controller performs all the basic necessary actions that are needed from a video card. In this case, RAM is used as video memory. But do not be mistaken that a powerful modern processor can completely replace a video card.

Even the average class of video cards leaves the video controller of processors far behind. So, a computer option without a video card is only suitable for office devices that do not require performing any complex graphics-related tasks.

In such cases, there really is an opportunity to save money. After all, you can just have a processor chipset with a good video controller and not spend money on a video card.

How the processor works

We seem to have figured out what a processor is. But how does it work? It's a long and complicated process, but once you get the hang of it, it's quite easy. The principle of operation of the central processor can be considered in stages.

First, the program is loaded into RAM, from where it gets all the necessary information and a set of commands that must be executed by the processor control unit. All this data then goes into buffer memory, the so-called processor cache.

Information comes out of the buffer, which is divided into two types: instructions and values. Both of them end up in registers. Registers are memory cells built into the chipset. They also come in two types, depending on the type of information they receive: instruction registers and data registers.

One of the components of the CPU is an arithmetic-logical unit. It deals with performing information transformations using arithmetic and logical calculations.

This is where the data from the registers goes. After this, the arithmetic-logical unit reads the incoming data and executes the commands that are necessary to process the resulting numbers.

Here we are again faced with a split. The final results are divided into completed and unfinished. They go back to the registers, and the completed ones go to the buffer memory.

The processor cache consists of two main levels: upper and lower. The most recent commands and data are sent to the upper cache, and those that are not in use go to the lower cache.

That is, all information located at the third level moves to the second, from which, in turn, the data goes to the first. On the contrary, unnecessary data is sent to the lower level.

After the computational cycle is completed, its results are again recorded in the computer's RAM. This occurs to ensure that the CPU cache is freed up and available for new operations.

But sometimes there are situations when the buffer memory is completely full, and there is no room for new operations. In this case, data that is not currently in use goes into RAM or to the lower level of processor memory.

Types of processors

Having understood the principle of operation of the CPU, it’s time to compare its different types. There are many types of processor. There are both weak single-core models and powerful devices with multiple cores. There are those that are intended exclusively for office work, and there are those that are necessary for the most modern games.

At the moment, there are two main creators of processors - AMD and Intel. They are the ones who produce the most current and in-demand chips. You need to understand that the difference between the chips from these two companies is not in the number of cores or overall performance, but in the architecture.

That is, the products of these two companies are built according to different principles. And each creator has his own unique type of processor, which has a structure different from its competitor.

It should be noted that both options have their strengths and weaknesses. For example, Intel differs in the following pros :

  • Less energy consumption;
  • Most hardware creators focus specifically on interaction with Intel processors;
  • Gaming performance is higher;
  • Intel interacts more easily with computer RAM;
  • Operations that require only one program are performed faster on Intel.

At the same time, there are also their own minuses :

  • Typically, Intel chipsets are more expensive than their AMD counterparts;
  • When working with several heavy programs, performance decreases;
  • The graphics cores are weaker than those of the competitor.

AMD differs as follows advantages:

  • Much better value for money;
  • Capable of ensuring reliable operation of the entire system;
  • It is possible to overclock the processor, increasing its power by 10-20%;
  • More powerful integrated graphics cores.

However, AMD is inferior in the following parameters:

  • Interaction with RAM is worse;
  • More energy is spent on processor operation;
  • The operating frequency at the second and third levels of buffer memory is lower;
  • Gaming performance is lower.

Although there are pros and cons, companies continue to produce the best processors. You just have to choose which one is preferable for you. After all, it is impossible to say unequivocally that one company is better than another.

Main characteristics

So, we have already figured out that one of the main characteristics of a processor is its developer. But there are a number of parameters that you need to pay even more attention to when purchasing.

Let's not stray too far from the brand and mention that there are different series of chips. Each manufacturer produces its own lines in different price categories, created for different tasks. Another related parameter is the CPU architecture. In fact, these are its internal organs, on which the entire operation of the chip depends.

Not the most obvious, but very important parameter is the socket. The fact is that on the processor itself the socket must coincide with the corresponding socket on the motherboard.

Otherwise, you will not be able to combine these two critical components of any computer. So, when assembling a system unit, you either need to buy a motherboard and look for a chipset for it, or vice versa.

Now it's time to figure out what processor characteristics affect its performance. Without a doubt, the main one is the clock speed. This is the volume of operations that can be performed in a certain unit of time.

This indicator is measured in megahertz. So what does the clock speed of the chip affect? Since it indicates the number of operations in a certain time, it is not difficult to guess that the speed of the device depends on it.

Another important indicator is the amount of buffer memory. As mentioned earlier, it can be upper and lower. It also affects processor performance.

A CPU can have one or more cores. Multi-core models are more expensive. But what does the number of cores affect? This characteristic determines the power of the device. The more cores, the more powerful the device.

Conclusion

The central processor plays not just one of the most important, but one might even say the main role in the operation of the computer. The performance of the entire device, as well as the tasks for which it can generally be used, will depend on it.

But this does not mean that it is necessary to buy the most powerful processor for an average computer. Choose the optimal model that will meet your requirements.

The quality and speed of operation of a personal computer, as well as its performance, largely depend on the processor. This becomes clearly understandable when the PC refuses to cope with the tasks that the user sets for it. There is only one way out - to upgrade your computer and look for a new, more productive and modern processor. To ensure that the purchase does not turn out to be useless, you need to clearly understand how to choose a processor and what parameters it should have in order to cope with specific tasks. Similar problems arise for those who decide to assemble their own car. Let’s try to answer all the questions as briefly and succinctly as possible, as well as study the modern market and determine the best processors of 2018.

The main subject of debate when choosing a processor is the manufacturer. There are currently two companies competing in the market: AMDAndIntel. Arguments over whose products are better are reminiscent of the eternal debate about iOS and Android, or Canon and Nikon. Fans of this or that system are ready to tirelessly prove their point of view, but there is always an “arms race” between the companies themselves, so it is impossible to definitively answer which processors are better, AMD or Intel. Someone once said that this is like a matter of religion or even a matter of habit.

We will return to the manufacturer’s question and try to understand their proposals in more detail, but for now we note that when choosing a processor, you should still pay attention to its architecture, number of cores, clock frequency, cache memory size and other parameters.

Processor socket or socket type

The processor is installed in a special socket on the motherboard, so their socket type must match. Different types of connectors are incompatible with each other - a system assembled in this way will not work. Motherboard manufacturers indicate which processors a particular model is compatible with. Information is available in the instructions for the motherboard or on official websites. If you are assembling a computer yourself, then do not buy an outdated motherboard: in a couple of years, when you want to upgrade your PC, you will have to buy not only a new processor, but also a new motherboard.

There are up to 30 different types of sockets, many of them are already considered obsolete.

Intel processors are now available with the following sockets:


For processorsAMDThe following sockets are relevant:

  • FM2/FM2+– inexpensive simple processors that are suitable for assembling ordinary office systems and simple gaming PCs;
  • AM3+– one of the most common sockets, on its basis you can assemble systems of any power, up to the most advanced gaming computers;
  • A.M.4 – socket for the most powerful processors, which are used to build professional and gaming PCs;
  • A.M.1 – a socket for the simplest processors.

Sockets LGA1155, LGA775AM3, LGA2011, AM2/+ are considered obsolete.

Number of cores and threads

The core of a process is its heart, brain and soul. The first multi-core processor was introduced to the world by Intel, but there is still an opinion that the idea was stolen from AMD. Let's not harp on the past - the main thing is that today single-core processors can no longer be found. It remains to be figured out how many cores are actually needed.

If we simplify a little, we can come to the following conclusions:

  • 2 cores– an option for a computer that will be used to work with a basic set of office programs, launch a browser and watch videos;
  • 4 cores– an option for both office use and for launching medium-sized toys. It all depends on the frequency and architecture;
  • 6, 8 and 10 cores– powerful computers for running 3D programs and the most modern and demanding games. A good option for a gamer.

Please note that there are programs that cannot load balance across cores and will run faster on a 2-core processor with a higher clock speed than on a 4-core processor at a lower clock speed.

Please note that there is processors with virtual additional cores. Special technology (Hyper-Threading for Intel, or SMT for AMD) allows you to clone each physical core, That's why the number of data processing threads does not always equal the number of cores. If you are told about an eight-thread processor, then it may have 4 or 8 actual cores.

CPU frequency

Many users naively believe that the higher the clock speed, the better and faster the computer will work. This is not entirely true, or rather it is, but under certain conditions. Let's figure it out.

Clock speed refers to the number of operations a processor performs per second. Hence, the higher the frequency, the faster the “brains” work, and a 3.5 GHz processor will be preferable to a 2.8 GHz processor, for example. This is indeed true if we are talking about processors of the same line, where the same kernels are used.

Performance depends not only on the frequency, but also on the processor architecture and cache size, so you should not focus only on the frequency, but within the same line it is a significant factor.

Technical process

The technical process determines the size of the transistors on the processor and the distance between them. Photolithography is used to deposit conductors, insulators and other elements onto a silicon substrate. The resolution of the equipment used determines a certain technical process and affects the sizes of transistors and the distance between them.

The technical process is measured in nm and the smaller it is, the more elements can be placed in the same area. At the moment, the most modern processors have a 14 nm process technology.

This parameter has a very indirect effect on performance. It affects the heating of the processor much more significantly. Improvements in technology make it possible to release a processor each time with a lower technological process; they heat up less. If you compare an old generation processor and a new one with the same performance, the new one will heat up less. Since performance increases in new models, the old and new “stones” heat up approximately equally. Thus, reducing the technical process allows manufacturers to create ever faster and more productive processors without increasing their heat.

Cache memory

Cache is built-in, ultra-fast memory that helps store and process data across cores, RAM, and other buses. Essentially this is the link between RAM and processor. Thanks to this buffer, you can quickly access frequently used data. In modern processors, the cache has several levels (usually three, less often two). The larger the amount of memory on them, the faster the “stone” will work, but again this is only true for processors of the same line.

Memory is distributed unevenly across levels:

  • L1 is first level cache, its volume is minimal (8-128 KB), but the speed is the highest. The frequency usually reaches the processor frequency level;
  • L2 – second level cache, larger in volume (from 128 KB) than the first, but slower than it;
  • L3 is the most capacious, but slowest cache. On the other hand, even the third level cache is faster than RAM

If you need to choose a processor for a gaming computer or to run powerful professional programs with high graphics requirements, then it is better to take processor with the maximum possible amount of third-level memory(the parameter usually ranges from 2 to 20 MB). This established truth has recently been destroyed by tests of new processors, which show that cache memory has virtually no effect on performance in games. However, this parameter should not be written off - a good amount of cache memory will speed up data archiving and writing data from flash memory to the hard drive.

Integrated graphics core

Improvements in production technology have made it possible to place various microcircuits inside the processor, incl. graphics core. The main advantage of this solution is that there is no need to buy a video card separately. Typically, video cards that are quite mediocre in terms of capabilities are built into the processor, so models with an integrated graphics core Suitable for users for whom graphics capabilities are secondary. These are budget processors for an office environment, but they can handle videos from the Internet, most non-specific programs, regular toys, and even entry-level 3D games.

If your goal is to build a powerful gaming computer, then it is better to take a processor without a built-in graphics core and then buy a powerful video card. Considering that it costs a lot, and many still have to save some time for it, a processor with a built-in video card can be useful in this case too.

What is processor bit depth, and is it so important?

The processor capacity shows how many bits the computer can process in one clock cycle. This setting affects performance. Currently the most commonly used processors are 32 and 64 bit, there are also 128-bit processors, but their segment is still very limited.

Is a 64-bit processor always better than a 32-bit processor, and what are the differences? If the processor has 2 cores and 2-3 GB of RAM is used, then you will not feel the difference. A 64-bit processor when using multi-core processors can significantly improve performance when running 64-bit applications. To be fair, it is worth noting that an increase in productivity will not always be noticeable.

The main advantageous difference between 64-bit processors– this is the ability to work with RAM of 4 GB or more. If you have even 8 GB of RAM in your computer, the 32-bit processor will see and use only 3.75 GB of them.

Heat dissipation

The more powerful the processor, the hotter it gets. It’s good that improving the technical process can significantly reduce heating. Today, the TDP value, W, is used to assess heat dissipation. The lower the value, the less heat generation. In laptop computers, everything is well calculated, installed and works without additional cooling. If you need to build a very powerful computer, then you will hardly be able to do without a cooler built into the processor (such models are marked as BOX, without a cooler - OEM).

If the TDP of the system 60 W or less, then even a complete or the simplest cooling system can be used. When heat is generated up to 95 W It’s better to take high-quality medium format fans – the kit ones won’t do the job. At TDP 125 W or more You can't do without a tower cooler with several copper pipes.

Unlocked multiplier

If you are going to overclock the processor, then make sure that this can be done using standard methods. It is important that the function of changing the multiplier is supported by the motherboard.

AMD or Intel – which is better?

There is no and cannot be an objective answer to this question. Thousands of pages on the Internet have been created on this topic; disputes sometimes turn into scandals with the use of obscene language - this is how users defend the products of their favorite manufacturer. Often, all these disputes resemble attempts to figure out which is better, pineapple or sausage - there cannot be a consensus here.

In some segments AMD is better, in others Intel is better, but often even these opinions are subjective, so when choosing, rely purely on your subjective opinion - we will not interfere with you. Well, for those who have not yet decided on their subjective opinion, we will present a few facts.

The competition between the two leaders is fierce, but it is believed that Intel produces more powerful processors that AMD cannot keep up with, and AMD, in turn, offers the best budget solutions. But this opinion is too generalized, since Intel also has good inexpensive processors, and AMD offers good top-end solutions. In terms of durability and reliability, the products of both companies are equal.

To decide which processor is better, AMD or Intel, you need to clearly determine your goals and answer the question of why the computer is being assembled. Moreover, the number of cores and frequency do not always determine performance - it’s all about completely different architecture. Therefore, use special sites where you can view test results, compare with analogues and see which tasks a particular processor copes best with.

We understand that we are touching on a very sensitive and controversial topic, but still, let’s talk about the common advantages of the processors of the two companies.

Advantages of processorsIntel:

  • high performance and speed. Work with RAM is better optimized than that of AMD;
  • a large number of games and programs that are optimized specifically for Intel;
  • L2 and L3 cache often operates at higher speeds than on AMD processors;
  • lower power consumption.

Disadvantages of processorsIntel:

  • higher price;
  • they are inferior to AMD processors in multitasking, despite the fact that they are superior when working with a single process;
  • strong binding to specific sockets, so when buying a new process you will most likely have to change the motherboard.

Recently there was a real scandal. In processors from Intel it was detected vulnerability, which allows third-party malicious programs to gain access to the structure of a protected part of the kernel memory and discover where confidential information is stored. Our passwords, messages, photos and payment card data can be read and used by criminals. Fixing this problem and urgently updating the operating system will slow down computers by 20-30%. While the company was trying to resolve the conflict, it turned out that such There is also a vulnerability in processors fromAMD.

Advantages of processors fromAMD:

  • affordable price, so many recognize the manufacturer’s processors as the best in terms of price/quality ratio;
  • multitasking;
  • multiplatform;
  • The company's modern processors have good overclocking potential, so they are catching up with Intel in terms of performance.

Disadvantages of processors fromAMD:


The best processors of 2018

Best Intel Processors 2018

The kings of performance, Intel processors come in different price ranges. IN in the budget sector these are the Celeron and Pentium lines. By the way, in terms of performance they are superior to AMD processors of similar cost, but are inferior to them in multitasking. Processors suitable for entry-level gaming PCs and multimedia computers Core i3 , for more powerful ones - Core i5 , for the most powerful gaming – Core i7 .

Core i7-7700K

Despite the existence of more productive Core i7-6950X, Intel Core i7-7820X, Intel Core i9-7900X and some others, the Core i7-7700K can be considered the most balanced in terms of price and quality. The frequency is 4.2-4.7 GHz, there are 4 cores, there is a built-in video card, but it won’t be enough for top games, but it can easily handle running video in the highest resolution. Price about 400$.

Core i7-6950X Extreme Edition

It is obscenely expensive (about $1,700), is equipped with 10 cores, has 25 MB of third-level cache, has a frequency of 3 GHz, and supports Hyper-Threading technology. Power and strength! However, for assembling a gaming computer, the processor capabilities will be too much. This solution is only for those who use very specific and highly demanding programs, and even then it is possible to find a suitable solution at a cheaper price.

Core i5-7500

If you want to build a gaming PC, but the budget for purchasing a processor is modest, then a Core i5-7500 for $200 is a good solution. Performance and third-level cache (6 MB versus 8 MB) are almost as good as the Core i7-7700K, and if you have a good video card, the processor can handle any game. There is a built-in graphics core that supports 4K video. 4 cores operate at a frequency of 3.4-3.8 GHz.

Core i3-7100

Two cores, four threads, a frequency of 3.9 GHz and low power consumption combined with an affordable price ($110-170) make this processor a popular favorite. Users note that when using enough RAM and graphics memory, this processor can even handle games where the requirements include Core i5 and Core i7.

Pentium G4560

The processor has 2 cores, but 4 threads, frequency 3.5 GHz. The cost is about $70, so if you need to build an inexpensive gaming PC, then this is a good option. It cannot be compared with more expensive solutions, but if you have an appropriate video card, it will run modern games at minimum settings, older and less demanding games will generally fly.

Pentium Haswell

Not a bad option for an office PC. There are 2 cores, an integrated graphics processor, a frequency of 2.3-3.6 GHz. The volume of the third level cache is 3 MB. The heat generation is low. Cost about $85.

Celeron Skylake

A simple, inexpensive processor for computers designed to work with documents, browsers, and watch videos. Main characteristics: 2 cores, frequency 2.6-2.9 GHz, third level cache 2 MB, minimal heat dissipation, has a graphics core. Cost $45.

Best AMD processors 2018

Ruler budget processors – Sempron, Athlon, Phenom, A4 and A6. A8 and A10 can be used for multimedia and simple games, series FX– for middle-class gaming computers, and Ryzen These are top processors. You can purchase AMD processors on the website: potential buyers are presented with all the modern developments of AMD, as well as photographs of models, detailed lists of characteristics, brief descriptions and instruction manuals. To make it easier for you, we have selected several of the most interesting models suitable for different tasks.

Ryzen Threadripper 1920X

The honorable first place goes to the processor from the flagship Ryzen series – Threadripper 1920X. The 12-core “beast” with a clock frequency of 3.5-4 GHz simply could not remain outside our rating. An incredible 24 threads allow you to get the most out of your personal computer's performance. The processor is equipped with DDR4 memory (4 channels) with error correction function, which guarantees extremely high data transfer speeds. Cost about $990.

Ryzen 7 1800X

Second place also goes to the Ryzen representative – 7 1800X. This processor differs from the leader in the lack of virtualization technology, the number of cores (Ryzen 7 has eight) and, accordingly, threads (16), as well as RAM channels. There is support for an unlocked multiplier. This model is great for gamers - it runs 3D games and modeling programs even at maximum settings. Costs about $480.

Ryzen 5 1600X

The top three also includes the Ryzen 5 1600X, a strong rival to the competing Core i5 family. Its characteristics are, first of all, 6 cores/12 threads, Socket AM4 connector and two channels of RAM. Frequency – 3.6 GHz with the possibility of overclocking to 4 GHz. There is support for an unlocked multiplier. Costs about $260.

AMD A10-7860K

In fourth place is a powerful 4-core processor designed for home PCs and office use. Model with integrated graphics. Clock frequency – 3.6 GHz. It copes well with running games online (medium settings) with good performance and without overheating the hardware. Price about $100.

AMD FX-6300

A good alternative to productive solutions from Intel. The processor operates with 6 cores, has an unlocked multiplier, and a clock frequency of 3.5 GHz with the ability to overclock to 4.1 GHz. Socket – Socket AM3+. Performance is good, suitable for games and demanding applications, there is no built-in graphics core. Cost about $85.

Athlon X4 880K

The TOP model from the Athlon 880K family is closed - a 4-core processor for home PCs. The clock frequency of the model is 4.0-4.2 GHz. When paired with a Radeon Athlon 880K video card, it delivers excellent performance and demonstrates all the positive qualities of AMD products. Cost $84.

There is also a more budget-friendly solution from this series. The Athlon X4 860K runs on 4 cores, 3.7 GHz, but there is no integrated graphics core. Cost $45.

You can still write a lot, argue for a long time, argue, test and reflect. We’ll wrap it up here and leave you alone with your thoughts.

  • Introduction
  • Main characteristics, processor power
  • How to choose a processor
  • Some tips for overclocking processors
  • Conclusion

Introduction to the concept of computer processor

Greetings friends! Today we will discuss with you such an interesting and important question: what is a processor in a computer. It is more correct to call it a central processing unit (CPU, also called chip, stone, processor, and so on).

So, the processor is the main chip that processes and manages the main processes in the computer. More clearly, the processor is called the brain of a personal computer (PC), by analogy with the human brain, which also performs the main work of processing and managing data for us.

The CPU is very important for a PC; it determines how quickly it will work and carry out many everyday tasks. Although, of course, the computer still has several important components (RAM, video card), which also affect the speed of the entire system.

In order for a PC to constantly keep up with the times in speed and performance, the CPU and other parts are changed from time to time. More on this below.

CPU Specifications and Power

The main characteristics of the CPU are:

  • Clock frequency

That is, this is the number of operations performed per second. Now this parameter is already measured in billions. For example, if you observed technical data about a processor, you could see its value of 2.5 GHz - this means 2.5 billion operations per second (but this is still very small compared to the human brain, whose performance is thousand times more).

Enough. The most powerful processors today can have a clock frequency of 4 or 4.5 GHz, which is usually required for powerful computer games and programs; for everyday work this is unnecessary.

  • Number of Cores

Just about 10 years ago, almost no one even thought about the appearance of two or more nuclear CPUs. Manufacturers increased the clock frequency until they encountered the limit of this process. Then a new direction appeared - the creation of two or more cores in a chip.

On the one hand, this is very good. Because it allows the processor to work twice as fast. But on the other hand, this cannot be realized without appropriate software support. The thing is that any computer parts do not work on their own.

They are able to function only if special software instructions are written for this. If there are none, then there will be no sense in any new technology at all. So here, if you run programs on a dual-core CPU that are designed for single-core CPUs, then they will only work for one core, that is, there will be no increase in speed, the second core will simply not be used.

This is roughly how things stand with the advent of multi-chip CPUs. Although this problem has now been resolved. Almost all released programs are optimized for running on multi-core processors (where needed). Of course, these are games, video processing, imaging, modeling, development, and so on.

  • Energy consumption

It is important to understand that as power increases, so do the costs of the energy required for operation. This is very important because high energy consumption only leads to wasted money and increased heat generation. Therefore, developers are constantly working to reduce energy consumption.

  • Bit depth

In short, this is the processor’s support for one or another operating architecture. Usually it is 32 or 64 bit. 64-bit has great potential; it is now widely used. All modern CPUs support 64 bits, so this is a clear question and you can’t go wrong. You can understand this issue in more detail in the article, what is the difference between a 32-bit and 64-bit operating system.

How to choose a processor

In general, there is a wide variety of them for every taste and need. But for slightly demanding requests, it is not difficult to choose. First, you should decide for what purposes the computer will be used, if only for work and minor entertainment (small games, watching movies, music, surfing the Internet), then everything is simple - the most inexpensive modern chip will suit you.

If you are doing serious, complex work that requires a powerful, balanced computer, then this is a little more difficult. You need to pay attention to the following points:

  1. Multi-core - 4 or more cores
  2. High clock frequency - 2.5 gigahertz and above
  3. Third level cache of at least 6 megabytes

By complying with these basic recommendations, you can at least somehow count on a good and productive copy. But it would be more correct to choose a model and look at information about it on the Internet, for example, performance tests, reviews, etc.

  • It must fit the connector on the motherboard; this must be 100% clarified before purchasing. There are 2 main CPU manufacturers on the market - Intel and AMD. Each of these companies produces different lines of CPUs with a specific connector, which you need to know and select a motherboard for it, that is, a board where it is subsequently installed for permanent operation.

  • The processor is a fragile part, so under no circumstances should we drop it, knock on it, or throw it in a bag.
  • After installing it, you must apply thermal paste (heat-conducting paste) to it; we read what this is in the article cleaning from dust and replacing it in a laptop, the logic is the same. If you forget about applying thermal paste, the CPU will overheat and work unstably, and ultimately burn out. Moreover, dried thermal paste and dust are one of the main reasons for the breakdown of laptops and computers.

  • It is important to choose the right cooling for your CPU. The fact is that processors of different series can heat up differently. Accordingly, the cooler (this is a fan with a radiator for cooling) is selected individually for it. This is not difficult if you know its heat dissipation; you need to buy a cooler with the same value or higher.

In general, overclocking is an independent increase in its technical characteristics, usually by increasing the clock frequency, voltage, or unlocking the cores (if such a possibility exists).

We strongly do not recommend doing this unless it is permitted by the manufacturer. If you act contrary to this, you may simply ruin it. It’s another matter when the manufacturer itself allows you to do this; moreover, they have introduced a special function for this; sometimes you just need to press one button or select the appropriate value.

In this case, yes, if you consider it necessary to increase the characteristics of the CPU, then this can be done. But again, don’t forget about cooling and thermal paste. If you do not make sure of these points, then again you can ruin the CPU.

Conclusion

Based on the information presented above, we hope you can form a general idea of ​​what a processor is, what its characteristics are and how to use it correctly.

Every computer has a processor, but few people know what it is used for. The main mission of this part is to carry out computational operations and manage data flows, for which special commands are used. To better understand the topic - why you need a processor in , you should consider its two main characteristics: the number of cores and clock speed.

Why do you need a processor in a computer?

Let's start with the clock frequency, which determines the power of the processor. The larger this value, the more operations the processor can perform in a fixed period of time.

It is worth understanding why the cores in the processor are needed, which are silicon crystals on which the processor circuit is implemented using computing elements. Each core has its own clock speed. When one core cannot cope with its work, the second is used, and so on. From this we can conclude that the more cores, the better. Multi-core processors allow a person to simultaneously use different programs, listen to music, etc.

It’s also worth mentioning about the technical process, which helps increase productivity. This parameter means a certain size of transistors, and the smaller it is, the more similar transistors can be used on. It is worth noting that the larger the process technology, the hotter the processor will heat up.

Today there are two most famous brands of processors: Intel and AMD. Manufacturers make them in different ways. If we compare these two options in operation at the same speed and frequency, they are practically no different. Intel's advantages include its longer service life, but AMD stands out for its better graphics performance.